Methods of Separation

Core concept

These methods are often combined in sequence for complex mixtures — for example, to purify muddy water, one might first let heavier particles settle (sedimentation), then filter the remaining liquid to remove finer suspended particles, and finally boil it to kill any microorganisms. Each method relies on a specific physical difference between the components, such as size (sieving), density (winnowing, sedimentation), or solubility (filtration for insoluble solids).